| Uygun et al.(2025) DOI: 10.1007/s00521-025-11586-8 |
FX & Crypto |
100 |
170 |
35.70% |
27.49% |
0.76 |
104 weeks (Ending 2023) |
Not given |
54.95% |
MTGNN (Multivariate Graph Neural Network with temporal convolutions) |
| Wangchailert et al. (2025). DOI:10.37936/ecti-cit.2025191.256994 |
8 pairs EUR/USD |
Not given |
+$10,999.00 |
$916 per year |
Not given |
Not given |
2010–2022 (13 years) |
28,525 |
51.3% |
Candle pattern based trading |
| Papatsimpas et. al (2025) DOI:10.1007/s10898-025-01505-5 |
EUR/USD |
Not given |
Not given |
+2198.00 pips (Profit) |
-95.90 pips |
N/A |
July-Oct 2022 (64 days) |
36 |
86.11% |
Hybrid EMD + Stacked LSTM + PSO aggregation optimization |
| López-Herrera, et al. (2025) DOI: 10.1007/s44163-025-00424-4 |
USD vs EUR, CNY, JPY, AUD, CHF, MXN, ZAR, and TRY |
Not given |
Not given |
31.1% (TRY/USD Max) |
Near-Zero |
3.38 (Median Bootstrap) |
2018–2023 |
35 (Avg per period) |
71.1% |
Logistic Regression with Mean Absolute Directional Loss (MADL) optimization |
| Iswara et al. (2025)DOI: 10.1109/ISCT66099.2025.11297372 |
XAU/USD |
Not given |
(Net Profit: +$1.53) |
Not given |
$0.41 |
Not given |
4 to 5 hours |
26 |
57.69% |
LSTM + Inductive Conformal Prediction (ICP) uncertainty filter |
|
Zhang & Khushi (2020), “GA‑MSSR: Genetic Algorithm Maximizing Sharpe and Sterling Ratio…”
|
EUR/USD |
100,000 |
187,900 |
+13.4 |
‑19.7 |
1.68 |
2010‑01‑01 → 2019‑12‑31 |
2,305 |
61.0 |
SS Ratio‑optimised GA |